Vnitr Lek 2009, 55(1):54-61

Adrenal cancer

M. Kršek
III. interní klinika - klinika endokrinologie a metabolizmu 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednosta prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc., MBA

Adrenal cancer is a rare disease which is often diagnosed at a late stage and usually has a poor prognosis. This review article gives a current knowledge on the etiopathogenesis, which could lead to the improvement of therapeutic strategies and possibly outcomes of therapy. Further, clinical presentation, diagnostic approach and current treatment options in patients with adrenal cancer are summarized. The multidisciplinary approach as well as centralized care is necessary for successful management of patients with adrenal cancer and for improvement of their poor prognosis.

Keywords: adrenal; cortex; cancer; aetiology; diagnosis; treatment

Received: September 5, 2008; Accepted: October 22, 2008; Published: January 1, 2009  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kršek M. Adrenal cancer. Vnitr Lek. 2009;55(1):54-61.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abiven G, Coste J, Groussin L et al. Clinical and biological features in the prognosis of adrenal cortical carcinoma. Poor outcome of cortisol secreting tumors in a series of 202 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2650-2655. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    2. Allolio B, Hahner S, Weissmann D et al. Management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol 2004; 60: 273-287. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Arnaldi G, Freddi S, Mancini T et al. Transforming growth factor beta1: implications in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Endocr Res 2000; 26: 905-910. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Aubert S, Wacrenier A, Leroy X et al. Weiss system revisited: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 49 adrenocortical tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 1612-1619. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Baudin E, Docao C, Gicquel C et al. Use of a topoisomerase I inhibitor (irinotecan, CPT-11) in metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 1806-1809. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Bernini GP, Moretti A, Bonadio AG et al. Angiogenesis in human normal and pathologic adrenal cortex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 4961-4965. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Berruti A, Terzolo M, Pia A et al. Mitotane associated with etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. Cancer 1998; 83: 2194-2200. Go to original source...
    8. Berruti A, Terzolo M, Sperone P et al. Etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin plus Op'DDD in the treatment of advanced adrenal cortical carcinoma: a large prospective phase II trial. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005; 12: 657-666. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Beuschlein F, Reincke M, Karl M et al. Clonal composition of human adrenocortical neoplasm. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4927-4932.
    10. Blakker H, Sutter C, Kadmon M et al. Analysis of somatic APC mutations in rare extracolonic tumors of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 41: 93-98. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Boulle N, Logie A, Gicquel C et al. Increased levels of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-2 are associated with malignancy in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1713-1720. Go to original source...
    12. Bossis I, Stratakis CA. Minireview: PRKAR1A: normal and abnormal functions. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 5452-5458. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR et al. Adrenal masses: characterization with combined unenhanced and delayed enhanced CT. Radiology 2002; 222: 629-633. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    14. de Baere T, Dufaux J, Roche A et al. Circulatory alterations induced by intra-arterial injection of iodized oil and emulsions of iodized oil and Doxorubicin: Experimental study. Radiology 1995; 194: 165-170. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. de Fraipont F, El Atifi M, Cherradi N et al. Gene expression profiling of human adrenocortical tumors using cDNA microarrays identifies several candidate genes as markers of malignancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 1819-1829. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Fallo F, Pilon C, Barzon L et al. Paclitaxel is an effective antiproliferative agent on the human NCI-H295 adrenocortical carcinoma cell line. Chemotherapy 1998; 44: 129-134. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Fratticci A, Bertherat J. Adrenocortical cancer: pathophysiology and clinical management. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 11: 13-28. Go to original source...
    18. Fryšák Z, Záťura F, Benýšek L et al. Incidentalomy nadledvin. Klinické zkušenosti. Vnitř Lék 1998; 44: 538-540. Go to PubMed...
    19. Gao ZH, Suppola S, Liu J et al. Association of H19 promoter methylation with the expression of H19 and IGF-II genes in adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1170-1176. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Gaston V et al. Molecular markers and long-term recurrences in a large cohort of patients with sporadic adrenocortical tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 6762-6767.
    21. Gonzales RJ, Shapiro S, Sarlis N et al. Laparoscopic resection of adrenal cortical carcinoma: a cautionary note. Surgery 2005; 138: 1078-1085. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Gross MG, Shapiro B, Francis IR. Scintigrafic evaluation of clinically silent adrenal masses. J Nucl Med 1994; 35: 1145-1152. Go to PubMed...
    23. Grumbach MM, Biller BMK, Braunstein GD et al. Management of the clinically inapparent adrenal mass (incidentaloma). Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 424-429. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Haak HR, Hermans J, van de Velde CJ et al. Optimal treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma with mitotane: results in consecutive series of 96 patients. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 947-951. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Hisada M, Garber JE, Fung CY et al. Multiple primary cancers in families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 606-611. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Hussain HK, Korobkin M. MR imaging of the adrenal glands. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2004; 12: 515-544. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Chiche L, Dousset B, Kieffer E et al. Adrenal cortical carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava: presentation of a 15-patient series and review of the literature. Surgery 2006; 139: 15-27. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Icard P, Goudet P, Charpenay C et al. Adrenocortical carcinomas: surgical trends and results of a 253-patients series from the French Association of Endocrine Surgeons study group. World J Surg 2001; 25: 891-897. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Jorda M, De MB, Nadji M. Calretinin and inhibin are useful in separating adrenocortical neoplasms from pheochromocytomas. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2002; 10: 67-80. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Khan TS, Sundin A, Juhlin C et al. Vincristine, cisplatin, teniposide, and cyclophosphamide combination in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma. Med Oncol 2004; 21: 167-177. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    31. Kloos RT, Gross RT, Francis IR et al. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Endocr Rev 1995; 16: 460-484. Go to original source...
    32. Kršek M, Matějovská H. Diferenciální diagnóza incidentalomů nadledvin a úloha zobrazovacích metod. Vnitř Lék 2002; 48: 409-415. Go to PubMed...
    33. Kršek M. Incidentalomy nadledvin. Vnitř Lék 2007; 53: 821-825. Go to PubMed...
    34. Lack EE. Recommendations for the reporting of tumors of the adrenal cortex and medulla. Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology. Virchows Arch 1999; 435: 87-91. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Lam WW, Hatada I, Ohishi S et al. Analysis of germline CDKN1C (p57kip2) mutations in familial and sporadic Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) provides a novel genotype-phenotype correlation. J Med Genet 1999; 36: 518-523. Go to original source...
    36. Leboulleux S, Dromain C, Bonniaud G et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in adrenocortical carcinoma: a prospective comparison with computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 91: 920-925. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Libé R, Gicquel C, Bertagna X et al. Molecular genetics of adrenal cortical carcinoma. 13-23. In: Bertagna X. Adrenal cancer. France, Montrouge: John Libbey Eurotext 2006, 133 s.
    38. Luton JP, Cerdas S, Billaud L et al. Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1195-1201. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Luton JP, Martinez M, Coste J et al. Outcome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma selected for surgery: an analysis of 88 cases investigated in a single clinical center. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143: 111-117. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. MacFarlane DA. Cancer of the adrenal cortex; natural history, prognosis and treatment in a study of fifty-five cases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1958; 23: 155-186. Go to PubMed...
    41. McGahan J, Browning P, Brock J et al. Hepatic ablation using radiofrequency electrocautery. Invest Radiol 1990; 25: 267-270. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    42. Nelson AA, Woodard G. Severe adrenal cortical atrophy (cytotoxic) and hepatic damage produced in dogs by feeding 2,2-bis(parachlorphenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane (DDD). Arch Pathol 1949; 48: 387.
    43. Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB et al. Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2006; 367: 1605-1617. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Pan CC, Chen PC, Tsay SH et al. Differential immunoprofiles of hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and adrenocortical carcinoma: a systemic immunohistochemical survey using tissue array technique. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005; 13: 347-352. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Paulsen SD, Nghiem HV, Korobkin M et al. Changing role of imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy of adrenal masses: evaluation of 50 adrenal biopsies. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 1033-1037. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Reincke M, Beuschlein F, Menig G et al. Localization and expression of adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor mRNA in normal and neoplastic human adrenal cortex. J Endocrinol 1998; 156: 415-423. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Roche A, Girish BV, de Baere T et al. Trans-catheter arterial chemoembolisation as first-line treatment for hepatic metastases from endocrine tumors. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 136-140. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    48. Ross NS, Aron DC. Hormonal evaluation of the patient with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1401-1405. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Saeger W. Histopathological classification of adrenal tumors. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30 (Suppl 3): 58-62. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Saunders BD, Doherty GM. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for malignant disease. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5: 718-726. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    51. Schulte KM, Mengel M, Heinze M et al. Complete sequencing and messenger ribonucleic acid expression analysis of the MEN 1 gene in adrenal cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 441-448. Go to original source...
    52. Soon PSH, McDonald KL, Robinson BG et al. Molecular markers and pathogenesis of adrenocortical cancer. Oncologist 2008; 13: 548-561. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    53. Soreide JA, Braband K, Thoresen SO. Adrenal cortical carcinoma in Norway, 1970-1984. World J Surg 1992; 16: 663-667. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    54. Stojadinovic A, Brennan MF, Hoos A et al. Adrenocortical adenoma and carcinoma: histopathological and molecular comparative analysis. Mod Pathol 2003; 16: 742-751. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    55. Tissier F, Cavard C, Groussin L et al. Mutations of beta-catenin in adrenocortical tumors: activation of the Wnt signalling pathway is a frequent event in both benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7622-7627. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    56. Venkatesh S, Hickey RC, Sellin RV et al. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Cancer 1989; 64: 765-769. Go to original source...
    57. Weber MM, Auernhammer CJ, Kiess W et al. Insulin-like growth factor receptors in normal and tumorous adult human adrenocortical glands. Eur J Endocrinol 1997; 136: 296-303. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    58. Weiss LM. Comparative histologic study of 43 metastasizing and nonmetastasizing adrenocortical tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1984; 8: 163-169. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    59. Wiedemann HR. Tumors and hemihypertrophy associated with Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 1983; 141: 129. Go to original source...
    60. Wieneke JA, Thompson LDR, Heffess CS. Adrenal cortical neoplasms in the pediatric population. A clinical and immunophenotypic analysis of 83 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 867-881. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    61. Wood BJ, Abraham J, Hvizda JL et al. Radiofrequency ablation of adrenal tumors and adrenocortical carcinoma metastases. Cancer 2003; 97: 554-560. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    62. Libé R, Fratticci A, Bertherat J. Adrenocortical cancer: pathophysiology and clinical management. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2007; 11: 13-28. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    Return to the content


    Vnitřní lékařství

    Madam, Sir,
    please be aware that the website on which you intend to enter, not the general public because it contains technical information about medicines, including advertisements relating to medicinal products. This information and communication professionals are solely under §2 of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. Is active persons authorized to prescribe or supply (hereinafter expert).
    Take note that if you are not an expert, you run the risk of danger to their health or the health of other persons, if you the obtained information improperly understood or interpreted, and especially advertising which may be part of this site, or whether you used it for self-diagnosis or medical treatment, whether in relation to each other in person or in relation to others.

    I declare:

    1. that I have met the above instruction
    2. I'm an expert within the meaning of the Act n.40/1995 Coll. the regulation of advertising, as amended, and I am aware of the risks that would be a person other than the expert input to these sites exhibited

    No
    Yes

    If your statement is not true, please be aware
    that brings the risk of danger to their health or the health of others.